), “I know that police are there to help and suffer a lot of abuse in the jobs they do - however they are still humans with thoughts and opinions - You cannot put them on a pedestal and expect them to always leave personal life opinions out of their duties.” (M.N. And, because these individuals are entrusted with power over others in society, it is particularly important that they be accountable when widespread concern is being expressed about the way in which that power is exercised. "The idea that immigration officers don't racially profile is nonsense," he said. This definition of racial profiling is used in context and coupled with examples to help clarify. Racial Profiling and Human Rights in Canada examines a combination of psychological, sociological, organizational, political, and community perspectives, resulting in a holistic, multi-faceted approach to understanding the phenomenon of racial profiling and to pre-empting or eradicating it. Racial profiling is identified by Adele Cassola in her article as unjust whereas Denyse Coles argues that racial profiling is necessary and is not considered racism. In other words, criminal profiling is not the same as racial profiling since the former is based on objective evidence of wrongful behaviour while racial profiling is based on stereotypical assumptions. Because stereotyping may be subtle and unconscious, in many cases the person engaging in it may not even realize that it has occurred. The Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse has adopted the following definition of racial profiling1: “Racial profiling is any action taken by one or more people in authority with res-pect to a person or group of persons, for reasons of safety, security or public or- At its heart, profiling is about stereotyping people based on preconceived ideas about a person’s character. race, ethnic origin, place of origin, religion) in acquiring, processing and recalling information about others. Bargh & T.L. Racial profiling is based on stereotypical assumptions because of one’s race, colour, ethnicity, etc.  Criminal profiling, on the other hand, relies on actual behaviour or on information about suspected activity by someone who meets the description of a specific individual. This designation is decided by school officials, a practice that, according to the province’s Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (cdpdj), has been associated with racial profiling, as it gives “substantial discretionary power to school personnel in terms of deciding which students it should be applied to.” ), It is also important to note that concerns with profiling relate directly to the concepts of discretion and power. The article quotes Bill Currie, Deputy Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police as having said: Membership in vocational associations and trade unions, Paying the price: The human cost of racial profiling, The impact of racial profiling on the Aboriginal community, Appendix A: Major reports relevant to racial profiling and Aboriginal peoples, http://www.psc-cfc.gc.ca/publications/monogra/mono3_e.htm>. Chartrand, “The Unbearable Automaticity of Being” (July 1999) 54 American Psychologist 462-479. Typically, but not always, profiling is carried out by persons in a position of authority. The jurisprudential term “articulable cause” in Canada equates to lack of “reasonable grounds” in the U.S., which is regarded as de jure evidence concerning “racial profiling” even when specific evidence on racial biasness is missing. Stories about racial profiling constantly appear in the news, but that doesn’t mean the public has a good grasp on what this discriminatory practice is. Racial Profiling and the War against Terrorism Controversies over racial profiling are hardly new in Canada. What if racial profiling is not only morally wrong but also ineffective? In Canada, specifically, where the discourse of racial tolerance has far more currency than that of racial justice and where the preferred mode of crisis containment is the production and issuance of commissioned reports, the scope of (ostensibly) progressive … Black Muslims, Black LGBTQ2S folks, etc. The Commission selected a broad definition of racial profiling for several reasons. Laws like SB 1070 demean us all. This is what leads to profiling. ), “I do believe that this was profiling by two individuals and not the entire police force. His or her conduct may be based on subconscious racial stereotyping.”[5] B. Powell, “Police Chiefs Told To Help The Helpless” The Toronto Star (26 August 2003). While many of the existing definitions of racial profiling, primarily originating in the United States, focus on law enforcement, the Ontario Human Rights Commission’s Terms of Reference define racial profiling more broadly to include any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection that relies on stereotypes about race, colour, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin rather than on reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment. In European countries, the term "ethnic profiling" is also used instead of racial profiling. His book, "Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work" (2003), directly challenges the assertion of law enforcement that profiling is … As such, its practice is not limited to any one group of people or particular institution. First and foremost, it is the Commission’s view that racial profiling is primarily a mindset. The recent report in The Toronto Star accusing the Toronto police of racial profiling has renewed the debate across Canada on whether racial minorities get the same treatment as others from police forces. Persons in society who hold positions in which they exercise a large degree of discretion have more of an opportunity to engage in profiling and are also more likely to be perceived to be engaging in racial profiling in the exercise of their discretion. (26 August 2003). At its heart, profiling is about stereotyping people based on preconceived ideas about a person’s character. This was recently acknowledged by one of Ontario’s top law enforcement officials at the 98th annual conference of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police.[5]. (3d) 161 at 165: “The attitude underlying racial profiling is one that may be consciously or unconsciously held. The Commission selected a broad definition of racial profiling for several reasons. Discussing a concern with profiling is not the same as saying that every member of an organization profiles, that profiling is an intentional policy of the organization or even that it is an intentional action of those who engage in it. Although anyone can experience profiling, racialized persons are primarily affected. "Racial Profiling" refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual's race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Bargh & T.L. a landlord asks a Chinese student to move out because she believes that the tenant will expose her to SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) even though the tenant has not been to any hospitals, facilities or countries associated with a high risk of SARS. Racial Profiling Quebec task force tables recommendations to fight racism in the province The group issued 25 recommendations, including an end to police streets checks. A number of people who described themselves as Caucasian or White also participated in the inquiry and recounted witnessing incidents of profiling or experiencing profiling as a result of their relationship with a person from one of these other communities. Critics ask Is it racist, or is a necessary part of law enforcement. COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary. Racial Profiling in Canada 1296 Words | 6 Pages. Prejudice is in all of us and if you are in a position of power you can wield it.” (N.S. According to the Ontario Human Rights Commission “Racial profiling is based on stereotypical assumptions because of one’s race, colour, ethnicity, etc.” whereas criminal profiling “relies on actual behaviour or on information about suspected activity by someone who meets the description of a specific individual” (Facts Sheet, para 2). Indeed, a frank exploration of each of our own assumptions and biases would lead many of us to realize that at some point or other we have stereotyped someone. At the time the ideology explained some political and economic conflicts in parts of the world, and legitimized the dominant role of British capitalism in the world economic system. Harris is considered to be one of this nation's leading authorities. [2] But, while mental categories are absolutely essential in simplifying and understanding our information-rich environment, stereotypes are not appropriate, as they do not correspond to reality[3]. The Commission mostly heard of experiences of profiling from people who identified as Aboriginal, African Canadian, Arab, Chinese and South East Asian, Latin American, South Asian and Muslim. “The police have a tough job to do.... We all have built in stereotypes and instincts that sometimes we count on.” (S.P. However, 9/11 changed both the tenor and the nature of the debate. uncountable noun Racial profiling is government or police activity that involves using people’s racial and cultural characteristics to identify people to investigate....controversies involving racial profiling and corruption. [4] The fact that racial profiling may occur on a subconscious level has been recognized, for example by the Ontario Court of Appeal in R. v. Brown (2003), 64 O.R. a law enforcement official assumes someone is more likely to have committed a crime because he is African Canadian; school personnel treat a Latino child’s behaviour as an infraction of its zero tolerance policy while the same action by another child might be seen as normal “kids’ play”; a private security guard follows a shopper because she believes the shopper is more likely to steal from the store; an employer wants a stricter security clearance for a Muslim employee after September 11. a bar refuses to serve Aboriginal patrons because of an assumption that they will get drunk and rowdy; a criminal justice system official refuses bail to a Latin American person because of a belief that people from her country are violent; and. Racial profiling is different from criminal profiling. Similarly, those in a position of power may consciously or unconsciously exercise that power differently when dealing with racialized persons. The African Canadian Legal Clinic, based in Toronto, has adopted the following definition: “Racial profiling is criminal profiling based on race. [The Association’s Policing and Aboriginal Peoples Committee] analyzed statistical, investigative and anecdotal information from across the country and we had no choice but to come to this regrettable conclusion. North Americans began to use the term in their scientific writings by the late 18th century. We do this because it allows us to organize and simplify complex situations and give us greater confidence in our ability to understand, predict and potentially control situations. 1. a form of racism consisting of the (alleged) policy of policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons belonging to particular racial groups Racial profiling is identified by Adele Cassola in her article as unjust whereas Denyse Coles argues that racial profiling is necessary and is not considered racism. Racial profiling at the border is not new, according to former border agent and immigration lawyer Guidy Mamann. Racial Profiling By 2002, the Toronto Star began publication of a series of articles on the topic of race and crime. The ambiguity of the phrase “racial profiling” has found itself favoured in the Canadian Courts. Racial profiling, however, is not limited only to an individual's ethnicity or race, but can also be based on the individual's religion, or national origin. And, organizations need to acknowledge that just as each of us can stereotype, so too can their members, even if there is no institutional policy that allows the use of, encourages or even tolerates profiling. The primary institution that promotes and enforces racial profiling in society is the police. Racial profiling refers to the inappropriate targeting of racial and ethnic groups by police officers and other law enforcement officials. For the purposes of its inquiry, the Commission’s definition for "racial profiling" is any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, colour, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a combination of these, rather than on a reasonable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment. Therefore, saying that profiling occurs should not necessarily be interpreted as an accusation that those who engage in it are racist.[4]. Criminal profiling, generally, as practiced by police, is the reliance on a group of characteristics they believe to be associated with crime. Racial profiling is one of the most common and harmful forms of racism faced by racialized people in their interaction with the criminal justice system. If indeed racial profiling exists in Canada, it would be in direct violation of at least a few sections of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In “ Singled Out ”, the Star’s analysis of arrest data from the Toronto Police Services revealed that Black Canadians were highly over-represented in certain offence categories, including drug possession and trafficking. J.A. Typically but not always, profiling is carried out by persons in positions of authority, and can occur in many contexts involving safety, security and public protection issues. Marjorie Cohn is a professor of law at Thomas Jefferson School of Law and past president of the National Lawyers Guild. Racial profiling is wrong and ineffective. It is a form of stereotyping and discrimination based on race. While profiling can be intentional, it can also be inadvertent. Such an asymmetry has emerged as a consequence that has affected how the legal rights in regards to the ways the police powers are treated when applying the power of search, investig… Racial Profiling in Canada Essay examples 1300 Words | 6 Pages. is dispute regarding what defines racial profiling. Practical experience and psychology both confirm that anyone can stereotype, even people who are well meaning and not overtly biased. And, it is a particular concern when people act on their stereotypical views in a way that affects others. racial profiling meaning: 1. the practice by the police of thinking that people of a particular race or colour will behave in…. Stereotyping becomes a particular concern when people act on their stereotypical views in a way that affects others. Racial Profiling goes against the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom, and takes away an individual rights. Similarly, many acknowledged that many persons in an organization may be doing their job admirably but that others, who are stereotyping, are having a significant impact on the community and its perception of the organization as a whole. Profiling can occur in many contexts involving safety, security and public protection issues. Racial profiling can be defined as an assumption that a person should be regarded as a potential criminal based on their racial background. racial profiling (n.). However the ones that do it manage to give the entire organization a negative image.” (R.G. The article quotes Bill Currie, Deputy Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police as having said: We do not provide equitable service to marginalized people. Racial profiling is a form of discrimination. Racism began to be studied by scientists in the 19th century. In fact, many participants in our process discussed the difficult job that those in a position of authority, especially the police, have. Sharpen your thoughts on racial profiling with this definition. When you are dealing with marginalized people, you exercise power differently than you do with those who are advantaged or have status in society. That is, the police officer need not be an overt racist. 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